I noticed a large puddle of water coming out from under the sub-floor in my basement, I lifted the floor and found a massive puddle at the low point in the floor. After getting rid of the water I found that the source is a an old drain filled with concrete, I thought mabey it was just capped with a few inches of concrete, but after removing some from the pipe I have concluded it has filled the pipe completely. I am wondering if this is something I can deal with myself, or if I need to bring someone in. My knowledge of plumbing is pretty limited, so any advice would be much appreciated.
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It's hard to say without knowing your house, the area where you live, and the lot you're living on.
I'd guess the house is fairly old -- 50s or earlier?
Over the years there may be several drain setups in a house. There's the sanitary sewer, of course, then there may be a storm sewer system, or there may be some sort of a "private" drain to a dry well or downhill on the lot. In particular, in many areas of the country it's no longer legal to have a basement floor drain empty into a storm sewer or run out on the lot, so that could account for the pipe being plugged with concrete.
You need to figure out what kind of drain it is/was. Likely it's an abandoned drain of some sort, and the pipe 20-30-50 feet away has become clogged with tree roots or such to the point that the other end no longer empties anywhere and water backs up. For instance, your downspouts may be running into the same pipe and creating the pressure that's causing water to come up in the basement. Once you've effectively determined where the drain goes, you need to either unclog it or remove the sources of water feeding it, so the water pressure no longer causes the leakage you're experiencing.
Is the drain really the source?
Are you sure that the plugged up drain is really the source of the water. Could it be that the water came in elsewhere, like somewhere along the perimeter and flowed to the low spot where it accumulated which happens to be where the old drain is located. If it came in during a heavy rain a week ago and you are looking today, the path where the water flowed from the perimeter could have dried up, leaving only the puddle at the low spot. If that is the case, you are looking at a whole different set of possible problems. Before I did anything drastic, I would check to make sure where it is really coming from. I would check all around the perimeter during a rainy spell. It may be easier to tell if you get it all dried out and see where it comes in when it rains.